好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响因素分析

本文通过对国内外好氧颗污泥研究现状的详细了解,综述了好氧颗粒污泥的性质,以及污泥种类、剪切力、选择压、COD容积负荷、贫富营养机制等因素对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响。同时介绍国内外在实际生产中好氧颗粒污泥的应用现状。     

9FJ-5000型粪便发酵搅拌机的设计

在牛粪发酵的过程中,通过粪便发酵搅拌机翻动牛粪便,使微生物在有氧条件下繁殖,并产生热能,加上温室的保温作用,促使牛粪便进行发酵.此过程中,牛粪便温度可升高到60°～70℃,高温期可持续5～7天,能够杀死病菌及虫卵,除去臭味,使水分迅速蒸发,达到干燥的目的;同时,可生产出无菌、无害和无臭的干牛粪,提高牛粪的使用安全性.与快速烘干的牛粪相比,发酵干牛粪具有施用后不烧根和吸湿后基本无臭味的特点,适合在大棚、温室内使用和花卉或草皮的种植.     

好氧堆肥反应器系统在废弃物处理中的应用

好氧堆肥技术能有效地处理固体废弃物．实现秸秆、畜禽粪便等农业废弃物无害化、减量化和资源化。近年来，堆肥技术越来越受到重视，相应的堆肥设备发展迅速。为此．根据通风方式、有无搅拌和外形特点．分类介绍了多种在实际生产中应用广泛的商业化好氧堆肥反应器系统，并着重讨述了各类反应器系统的构造和原理。     

Process of Oxic to Affect the System of Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal

The phenomenon of denitrifying can be found under the condition of anaerobic/anoxic(A/A) in the biological phosphorus removal. It is found through the test that: The ability of denitrifying phosphorus removal in the system of A/A-SBR is lower than the system of A/AO-SBR, and along with the time increasing in the system of A/A-SBR, the ability of phosphorus removal would weaken, Ys will also decrease gradually from initial 0.22 gMLSS/gCOD.d to zero or even minus. The result of test indicates that the key to make the system oprerate steadily is increasing the latter aerobic time. However,the longer aerobic time will result in the accumulation of NO_3-N, and restrain the system of A/AO-SBR from removing phosphorus. It is also found in the test that the latter aeration for 0.5 h would ensure not only steady operation, but also good effect of phosphorus removal in the system of A/AO-SBR.     

规模化好氧堆肥温氧监测系统设计与试验

为实时获取规模化好氧堆肥过程关键数据,实现自动化控制、优化堆肥工艺、提升产品品质,在已有研究基础上,设计了一种集成度高、便携性好的适用于规模化好氧堆肥过程的温度和氧体积分数实时监测系统,该系统主要包括温度数据获取模块、氧体积分数数据获取模块、信号处理模块、数据显/存模块。并系统开展了实验室和实际规模化好氧堆肥性能试验和分析研究。其中,温度监测相对标准偏差均小于3.02%,响应时间均小于45 s;氧体积分数监测相对标准偏差均小于2.96%,响应时间均小于30 s。研究结果表明:该系统在精确性、稳定性和响应速率等方面均具有良好性能,可满足规模化好氧堆肥过程温度和氧体积分数空间数据实时监测以及科研需求。     

接种菌剂对堆肥微生物数量和酶活性的影响

以牛粪和蘑菇渣为原料进行好氧堆肥,研究接种外源菌剂对堆肥中微生物数量和酶活变化的影响,为微生物菌剂的应用和堆肥工艺的改进提供依据。结果表明,加菌处理微生物数量高于CK处理。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,各类酶活变化趋势有所不同。其中过氧化氢酶是由低到高的趋势,堆肥中加入外源菌剂对过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,加菌和CK处理最终活性为原始值的2倍以上;脲酶和纤维素酶的变化趋势都是先升高,再降低。加菌和CK处理脲酶活性峰值分别为37．38和30．17mgNH3-N·g^-1·24h^-1;纤维素酶活性峰值分别是51．84和30．62μg·min^-1,外源菌剂对二者酶活性均有明显提高。转化酶也是由高到低的变化趋势,但出现两个波峰。加菌处理转化酶活性峰值分别在第3和第14d出现,峰值为14．20和21．70．mg葡萄糖·g^-1·24h^-1;CK处理出现在第3和第21d,其峰值分别为11．77和20．71mg葡萄糖·g^-1·24h^-1。外源菌剂不仅可提高转化酶活性,还可以使其提前到达峰值。多酚氧化酶与其他酶有较大差别,它是降低-升高-降低的趋势。加菌和CK处理多酚氧化酶活性峰值分别为36．30和47．55mg没食子素·g^-1·3h^-1。以上结果表明,在好氧堆肥中接种外源菌剂可以加快堆肥中有机质分解和转化,促进腐熟。     

造纸污泥堆肥对酸性土壤铝污染的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究在砖红壤中施加富含铝盐的造纸污泥堆肥后,土壤－作物体系中的铝毒效应。试验结果表明：盆栽初期,添加造纸污泥堆肥各处理土壤中的总酸溶性铝和总单核铝浓度较CK呈显著上升趋势,并随堆肥用量的增加而增加;随着种植时间推移,各处理（除了CK）总酸溶性铝和总单核铝浓度显著降低,且在盆栽结束时各处理总酸溶性铝浓度均低于原砖红壤中总酸溶性铝浓度;在整个盆栽期间,总单核铝是土壤中活性铝的主要存在形态;添加堆肥的各处理玉米植株的根部和地上部分铝含量均显著小于CK,玉米的生长状况均优于CK,说明在酸性土壤中添加造纸污泥堆肥,能起到很好的肥效作用,且不会对玉米生长形成铝毒效应,其中10%为本试验的最佳配比;另外,土壤理化性质测定结果显示：添加造纸污泥堆肥能有效减缓土壤酸化、增加土壤有机质和有效磷含量,提高土壤质量。     

堆肥对有机氯农药挥发和降解的效果

选用鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原料,进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了堆肥处理对六六六（HCH）和滴滴涕（DDT）挥发和降解的影响。研究表明,30 d内,堆肥过程的高温和通气条件导致HCH和DDT的挥发比例分别为20.6%、13.8%;扣除堆肥过程中高温和通气等因素对有机氯挥发的影响后,未添加菌剂处理HCH和DDT的降解率分别为37.2%和14.9%,添加菌剂处理HCH和DDT的降解率分别为42.1%和24.2%,与未添加菌剂处理差异显著;α-HCH、δ-HCH的降解率高于β-HCH、γ-HCH,pp'-DDT、op'-DDT的降解率高于pp'-DDD、pp'-DDE。试验结果说明,堆肥过程中高温和通气促使了HCH和DDT向气相中挥发,而该过程的生化反应有助于HCH和DDT等有机氯农药的降解。     

Alleviating soil sickness caused by aerobic monocropping: Responses of aerobic rice to various nitrogen sources

Yield decline resulting from continuous cropping of aerobic rice is a constraint to the widespread adoption of aerobic rice technology. Shifts in water management from flooded to aerobic conditions are known to influence the availability and form of N present in the soil and might require a different approach to N management in aerobic rice. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different N sources on the plant growth and grain yield of aerobic rice. Four pot experiments were conducted in which rice was aerobically grown in soil that was taken from fields where aerobic rice has been cultivated for 11 consecutive seasons and an adjacent field where flooded rice has been grown continuously. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate at four N rates of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g N pot⁻¹. Two unfertilized controls consisting of soil that was either untreated or oven heated at 120°C for 12 h were also included. Plants were sampled during the vegetative stage or at maturity to measure plant growth, N uptake, grain yield and the yield components. Growth of aerobic rice in aerobic soil was generally better with the application of ammonium-N than nitrate-N. Potassium nitrate decreased plant growth and caused plant death at the high N rate. Ammonium sulfate was more effective in improving the vegetative plant growth, N nutrition and grain yield of aerobic rice than urea at the high N rates. The application of ammonium sulfate achieved the same and even better plant growth than the soil oven-heating treatment. These results suggest that there is a possibility of reversing the yield decline observed in the continuous aerobic rice system by using the right source of N fertilizer at the optimal rate.     

生物滤池填料及工艺参数去除鸡粪堆肥臭气效果研究

为探讨利用生物滤池法去除鸡粪堆肥臭气的可行性,对生物滤池的填料组合、填料层高度、填料初始含水率及停留时间进行了筛选,并考察了生物滤池对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的去除情况.结果表明:生物滤池在处理鸡粪堆肥臭气过程中,以腐熟鸡粪堆肥和树皮组成填料、填料层高度为50 cm、填料初始含水率为50%以及停留时间为90.0 s的处理效果最佳;处理前后臭气中VOCs的分析结果表明,生物滤池对堆肥臭气中VOCs有很好的去除效果,处理后的堆肥臭气中VOCs的种类和浓度较处理前明显减少;比较堆肥臭气中氨和VOCs的总浓度后发现,氨所占的比例高达98.70%,说明用氨浓度来表示容器式鸡粪堆肥的臭气浓度具有可行性.就地利用鸡粪堆肥及树皮组合作为生物滤池填料去除鸡粪堆肥过程中的臭气具有很好的去除效果,可以在工厂化鸡粪堆肥中推广应用.